The majority of epidemiological studies are exercises in measurement; i.e., we try to estimate as accurately as we can some potential (possibly causal) association between an exposure and an outcome.

Neuroscientists would need to know and publish whether a manipulation does not have an effect as much as whether it does. One may use drugs to block a candidate pathway. If the drug has an effect, ...

This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American Right now, your brain is decoding these ...

What the use of P implies, therefore, is that a hypothesis that may be true may be rejected because it has not predicted observable results that have not occurred. ~ Harold Jeffreys Exactly! ~ J. K.

Consumers of research should not be satisfied with statements that “X is effective”, or “Y has an effect”. Gwenae l Piaser Empirical science needs data. But all data are subject to random variation, ...