Many psychologists have made unjustifiable inferences from data by interpreting IQ as a causal variable when logically it is a non-causal variable. Attempts are made in this paper to understand how ...

In this paper is presented a simultaneous equation model that is non-triangular, its disturbances having a non-diagonal covariance matrix, and yet is causal and recursive, and whose underlying ...

A press release from Robert Marzano this week claims that his new teacher evaluation model “is a research-based system for ‘causing’ increases in student achievement through incremental improvements ...