As a result, every FCC interpretation of the TCPA is now subject to case-by-case scrutiny in district courts. The regulatory certainty businesses previously enjoyed may quickly unravel.

The district court held that the defendant was not estopped under § 315 (e) (2). The Federal Circuit affirmed the no estoppel finding, and addressed the district court split on the issue.

Reconstituting the Canal Zone Court would require the president, the Congress, and the (Article III) courts to reconsider some prior practices and precedents.