Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled because of temperature-induced changes in distances between molecules and atoms. Thermal expansion does not change overall structure of the ...

(Nanowerk News) The ability to predict macroscopic physical and chemical properties from information derived at the micro-scale or atomic scale for various kinds of materials has yet to be perfected ...

The distances between particles are smallest in the solid, they are larger in the liquid and larger again in the gas. The particles in gases and liquids move more freely than in solids, so their ...

In both residential and commercial buildings, heating and cooling cycles can take a toll on piping systems. When pipes expand due to heat and contract when they cool, they stress joints, supports, and ...